Water is essential for life. The earth has this necessary ingredient of life in the form of the hydrosphere. On earth, water exists in three states- solid, liquid and gaseous. The ice caps in the Polar Regions, the waters of the oceans and rivers, and the water vapour in the atmosphere are all part of the hydrosphere.
Water Cycle |
Explained:
1. Evaporation
2. Humidity
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Water Cycle
6. Measurement of Precipitation
7. Types of Rainfall
8. Major Water Bodies
9. Fresh Water and Saline Water
10. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
11. How tides are useful
12. Ocean currents
13. Climate and Ocean Currents
14. Other effects of ocean currents.
Evaporation |
1. Evaporation
2. Humidity
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Water Cycle,
6. Measurement of Precipitation
7. Types of Rainfall
8. Major Water Bodies
9. Fresh Water and Saline Water
10. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
11. How tides are useful
12. Ocean currents
13. Climate and Ocean Currents
14. Other effects of ocean currents.
Ocean Currents |
1. What is Atmosphere?
2. Composition of Atmosphere.
3. Air Pollution.
4. Layers of the Atmosphere.
5. Weather and Climate.
6. Air Temperature.
7. Variations in Temperature.
8. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
9. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds.
10. Permanent Pressure Belts.
11. Winds and Permanent Winds.
12. Local Winds- land and sea breezes, the monsoon and cyclonic winds
Explained:
1. Meaning of democracy.
2. System that represents Democracy.
3. Other forms of democracy.
4. Equality in Democracy.
5. Equality and Indian Democracy.
6. Provisions of Equality in India.
7. Promotion of Equality in India.
8. Equality in other Democratic Countries.
Oral and Explanation with some written work..
1. Meaning of democracy
2. System that represents Democracy
3. Other forms of democracy
4. Equality in Democracy
5. Equality and Indian Democracy
6. Provisions of Equality in India
7. Promotion of Equality in India
All Voters lined-up at pooling booth |
1. What is the form of government in our country?
2. What is a political party?
3. What is a monarchy?
4. What is India’s stand on untouchability?
5. Who wrote the book Jhootan: A Dalit’s Life?
6. What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbid?
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words
1. What do you understand by ruling party and opposition?
2. What is dictatorship?
3. Name a scheme that the Indian government runs to promote social equality. How does it help reduce caste discrimination?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words
1. What are the key elements of democracy?
2. Explain the significance of the Indian citizens’ right to equality.
Prepare a Report:
1.Write a report on a recent struggle for democracy that took place in one of India’s neighbouring countries.
Explained:
1. Major Political Development
2. Importance of Geographical Knowledge
3. Cartography and Medieval India
4. Place Names and Keeping Records
5. Growth of New Languages
6. Historian’s Problems
7. New Social and Political Group
8. Old and New Religions
Students take Away:
1. Major Political Development
2. Importance of Geographical Knowledge
3. Cartography and Medieval India
4. Place Names and Keeping Records
5. Growth of New Languages
6. Historian’s Problems
7. New Social and Political Group
2. How did the Muslims invasions of the later medieval period affect Indian culture?
3. Name some European countries that began direct overseas trade with India in the medieval period.
4. How did the science of cartography come to India?
5. Name five regional languages that came into wide use in medieval India.
6. How were forest dwellers absorbed into Indian caste system?
7. How did the absorption of tribal group into Hindi society affect Hindu religious worship?
8. What is meant by bhakti?
9. Who brought Islam to India?
2. Why was the need for keeping records strongly felt during the medieval period?
3. Write briefly on the jatis that emerged in medieval period?
4. What is Islam? When and where did it arise? What is it based on?
5. What is Sufism?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. What problems does a historian face while studying medieval literary sources?
2. Give one example to show how the usages of terms and expressions changed over time?
3. Briefly discuss the religious developments that took place in India during the medieval period.
1. Babur (1526-1530)
2. Humayun (1530-1540 and 1555-1556)
3. The Sur Sultanate (1540-1555)
4. Akbar (1556-1605)
5. Jahangir (1605-1627)
6. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
7. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
8. The Mughal Administration6
9. The Mughal Army
10. Mansabdari System
11. System of Land Revenue
12. Akbar -the Greatest Mughal
13. Rajput Policy
14. Religious Policy
15. Cultural Contributions
2. Humayun (1530-1540 and 1555-1556)
3. The Sur Sultanate (1540-1555)
4. Akbar (1556-1605)
5. Jahangir (1605-1627)
6. Shah Jahan (1628-1658)
7. Aurangzeb (1658-1707)
8. The Mughal Administration6
9. The Mughal Army
10. Mansabdari System
11. System of Land Revenue
12. Akbar -the Greatest Mughal
13. Rajput Policy
14. Religious Policy
15. Cultural Contributions
Sher Mandal in Purana Quila Delhi |
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words
1. How did Humayun lose his throne? When did he recover it?
2. Write briefly how Sher Shah tried to improve the economy of his empire?
3. How did Akbar’s conquest of Gujarat and Bengal benefit the Mughal Empire?
4. What was the extent of Akbar’s empire at its peak?
5. Why was the loss of Quandahar a setback for the Mughal Empire?
6. How was land revenue collected from different categories of Land?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words
2. Write briefly about Akbar’s mansabdari system.
3. What were the main features of Akbar’s land revenue system? Who devised this system?
The combined action of all processes that involve only the breaking down of rocks is known as weathering.
2. What is erosion?
The combined action of transportation and breaking down of rocks is known as erosion.
Topics: Weathering and Erosion, Action of Running Water, Upper Course, Middle Course, Lower Course, Action of Moving Ice, Action of Wind, Action of Waves, Soil Formation, Conservation of Soil.
Gorge |
2. Action of Running Water
3. Upper Course of the River
4. Middle Course of the River
5. Lower Course of the River
6. Action of Moving Ice
7. Action of Wind
8. Action of Waves
9. Soil Formation
10. Conservation of Soil.
2. Action of Running Water
3. Upper Course of the River
4. Middle Course of the River
5. Lower Course of the River
6. Action of Moving Ice
7. Action of Wind
8. Action of Waves
9. Soil Formation
10. Conservation of Soil
Wind Erosion- Mushroom rock |
2. Governor – Appointment and Term of Office
3. Powers of the Governor
4. Chief Minister and Council of Ministers
5. Chief Minister and Powers
6. Council of Ministers
7. Civil Service
8. Administration of Union Territories
1. State Government: The Executive
2. Governor – Appointment and Term of Office
3. Powers of the Governor
4. Chief Minister and Council of Ministers
5. Chief Minister and Powers
6. Council of Ministers
7. Civil Service
8. Administration of Union Territories
2. Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate
3. Delhi -the capital
4. Source of Information
5. Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
6. Qutb -ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
7. Iltutmish(1211-1236)
8. Raziyya(1236-1240)
9. Ghiyas -ud-din Balban (1266-1287)
10. Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
11. Ala -ud-din Khalji (1296-1316)
12. Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1412)
13. Muhammad- bin-Tughluq (1325-1351)
14. Firoz Tughluq (1351-1388)
15. Rise of New Kingdoms
16. Timur’s Invasion
17. Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
18. Administration of the Sultanate
19. Security of the Throne
20. Revenue and Iqtas
21. Mongol Policy
22. Ala ud din Khalji’s policies
23. Army Administration
24. Muhammad bin Tughluq’s policies
25. Economic Measures
2. Establishment of the Delhi Sultanate
3. Delhi -the capital
4. Source of Information
5. Slave or Mamluk Dynasty (1206-1290)
6. Qutb -ud-din Aibak (1206-1210)
7. Iltutmish(1211-1236)
8. Raziyya(1236-1240)
9. Ghiyas -ud-din Balban (1266-1287)
10. Khalji Dynasty (1290-1320)
11. Ala -ud-din Khalji (1296-1316)
12. Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1412)
13. Muhammad- bin-Tughluq (1325-1351)
14. Firoz Tughluq (1351-1388)
15. Rise of New Kingdoms
16. Timur’s Invasion
17. Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526)
18. Administration of the Sultanate
19. Security of the Throne
20. Revenue and Iqtas
21. Mongol Policy
22. Ala ud din Khalji’s policies
23. Army Administration
24. Muhammad bin Tughluq’s policies
25. Economic Measures
1. Name the five dynasties of the Delhi Sultanate.
2. Name Zia -ud -din Barani’s historical work. What is its importance?
3. What is the meaning of masjid?
4. Mention one advantage that Ala ud din Khalji got by conquering Gujarat.
5. Mention three problems faced by the Sultans of Delhi.
6. What was chihalgani?
7. Who were the barids? What was their job?
8. Why did Muhammad bin Tughluq shift his capital to Devagiri?
9. Why did Muhammad bin Tughluq plan a military campaign in Central Asia?
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words
1. What were the main drawbacks of the tarikhs written during the Sultanate period?
2. What was Minhaj us Siraj’s attitude towards Raziyya?
3. How did Balban assert his authority over the nobles?
4. How did Iltutmish save India from a Mongol invasion?
5. What steps did Ala ud din Khalji take to strengthen his army?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 120 words
1. Describe the Iqta system introduced by Iltutmish?
2. Discuss the economic measures adopted by Ala ud din Khalji as part of his Mongol policy.
3. What economic measures did Muhammad bin Tughluq adopt? Why did these fall?
2. Types of Rainfall
3. Major Water Bodies
4. Fresh Water and Saline Water
5. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
6. How tides are useful
7. Ocean currents
8. Climate and Ocean Currents
9. Other effects of ocean currents.
2. Types of Rainfall
3. Major Water Bodies
4. Fresh Water and Saline Water
5. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
6. How tides are useful
7. Ocean currents
8. Climate and Ocean Currents
9. Other effects of ocean currents.
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words
1. Define humidity.
2. What is air to be saturated?
3. What is meant by water cycle?
4. What are the three main types of rainfall?
5. In which general directions do ocean currents move in the Northern and Southern hemisphere?
1. How does humidity vary from place to place and from time to time?
2. Why is frontal rainfall common in the subpolar low pressure belts?
3. What do you understand by saline water and fresh water?
4. What are tides and why do they occur?
5. Why does the harbour of London not freeze during winter?
1. What is condensation? How are clouds formed?
2. Define precipitation. Explain how it occurs.
3. What is a Tsunami? What caused killer tsunamis in the Indian Ocean in December 2004? Which regions were the worst affected? Why did so many people die?
4. How do ocean currents modify the climate of coastal regions? Give one example.
Prepare a report on the destruction of life and property caused by the Tsunami that affected India in 2004.
2. Humidity
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Water Cycle
6. Measurement of Precipitation
7. Types of Rainfall
8. Major Water Bodies
9. Fresh Water and Saline Water
10. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
11. How tides are useful
12. Ocean currents
13. Climate and Ocean Currents
14. Other effects of ocean currents.
2. Humidity
3. Condensation
4. Precipitation
5. Water Cycle,
6. Measurement of Precipitation
7. Types of Rainfall
8. Major Water Bodies
9. Fresh Water and Saline Water
10. Motions of Ocean Waters- Waves and Tides
11. How tides are useful
12. Ocean currents
13. Climate and Ocean Currents
14. Other effects of ocean currents.
2. What is air to be saturated?
3. What is meant by water cycle?
4. What are the three main types of rainfall?
5. In which general directions do ocean currents move in the Northern and Southern hemisphere?
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words
1. How does humidity vary from place to place and from time to time?
2. Why is frontal rainfall common in the subpolar low pressure belts?
3. What do you understand by saline water and fresh water?
4. What are tides and why do they occur?
5. Why does the harbour of London not freeze during winter?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words
1. What is condensation? How are clouds formed?
2. Define precipitation. Explain how it occurs.
3. What is a Tsunami? What caused killer tsunamis in the Indian Ocean in December 2004? Which regions were the worst affected? Why did so many people die?
4. How do ocean currents modify the climate of coastal regions? Give one example.
Project:
Prepare a report on the destruction of life and property caused by the Tsunami that affected India in 2004.
3. Vidhan Parishad
4. Functions of the State Legislature
2. Vidhan Sabha
3. Vidhan Parishad
4. Functions of the State Legislature
2. What are the members of the Vidhan Sabha called? How are they elected?
3. Who presides over the Vidhan Sabha? Who presides on his absence?
4. Which house of the state legislature can pass a vote of no confidence against the ministers of the state executive?
2. Mention some of the subjects on which the state legislature can make laws. Why do different states need to have different laws on these subjects?
3. What are the functions of the presiding officer of a legislative assembly?
Copper plate recording a land grant |
2. North India-Rajput Kingdoms
3. Peninsular India – Kingdoms
4. The Medieval Kingdoms – The King’s Position and Sources of income
5. Land Grants and Feudatories
6. The Cholas of Thanjavur-Rise and Expansion
7. Chola Administration
8. Role of Temples and Condition of the common people.
Rock cut Kailash Temple built by the Rashtrakutas Now let's watch the video to help us understand the lesson better. Video1 |
2. North India-Rajput Kingdoms
3. Peninsular India – Kingdoms
4. The Medieval Kingdoms – The King’s Position and Sources of income
5. Land Grants and Feudatories
6. The Cholas of Thanjavur-Rise and Expansion
7. Chola Administration
8. Role of Temples and Condition of the common people.
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words.
1. What led to the decline of the Gurjara – Pratiharas?
2. Name four Rajput clans that established kingdoms on the ruins of the Pratiharas.
3. Name three important dynasties of peninsular India in the early medieval period.
4. Why did court scholars compose prashastis of their rulers
5. What are the achievements of Rajendra Chola's army in North India?
6. How did the victory of Rajendra Chola’s navy in South -East Asia affect Chola overseas trade?
7. Give an example of an inscription that tells us about local government under the Cholas.
8. What is the difference between the terms Brahmadeya and Devadana?
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. Name the dynasties that fought for control over Kanauj in the early medieval period. Why did they want to control Kanauj?
2. Why was it necessary for some medieval rulers to proclaim their Kshatriya caste status? Name one ritual performed for this purpose and one ruler who performed it.
3. Mention some of the lofty titles taken by samantas. When could a samanta take such a title?
4. How did temples become storehouse of wealth?
5. Define the term ur, sabha and nagaram.
6. How did land grants improve agriculture?
7. What was the condition of the lowest castes under the Cholas?
1. Who were samantas? What was their role in the weakening of central authority? Explain with an example.
2. Briefly describe the process of election to a sabha under the Cholas.
3. The Chola temples were not merely places of worship. Justify this statement.
2. Permanent Pressure Belts.
3. Winds and Permanent Winds.
4. Local Winds- land and sea breezes
5. The monsoon and cyclonic winds
Layers of Atmosphere |
2. Composition of Atmosphere.
3. Air Pollution.
4. Layers of the Atmosphere.
5. Weather and Climate.
6. Air Temperature.
7. Variations in Temperature.
8. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
9. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds.
10. Permanent Pressure Belts.
11. Winds and Permanent Winds.
12. Local Winds- land and sea breezes, the monsoon and cyclonic winds
2. Composition of Atmosphere
3. Air Pollution
4. Layers of the Atmosphere
5. Weather and Climate
6. Air Temperature
7. Variations in Temperature
8. Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
9. Atmospheric Pressure and Winds
10. Permanent Pressure Belts
11. Winds and Permanent Winds
12. Local Winds- land and sea breezes, the monsoon and cyclonic winds
A world map drawn by a Moroccan cartographer Al-Idris |
3. Cartography and Medieval India
4. Place Names and Keeping Records
5. Growth of New Languages
6. Historian’s Problems
7. New Social and Political Group
8. Old and New Religions
2. Importance of Geographical Knowledge
3. Cartography and Medieval India
4. Place Names and Keeping Records
5. Growth of New Languages
6. Historian’s Problems
7. New Social and Political Group
8. Old and New Religions
Lingaraj Temple, Odisha, one of India's medieval temples. |
2. How did the Muslims invasions of the later medieval period affect Indian culture?
3. Name some European countries that began direct overseas trade with India in the medieval period.
4. How did the science of cartography come to India?
5. Name five regional languages that came into wide use in medieval India.
6. How were forest dwellers absorbed into Indian caste system?
7. How did the absorption of tribal group into Hindi society affect Hindu religious worship?
8. What is meant by bhakti?
9. Who brought Islam to India?
1. Why did the Indian kingdoms of the early medieval period rise and fall frequently?
2. Why was the need for keeping records strongly felt during the medieval period?
3. Write briefly on the jatis that emerged in medieval period?
4. What is Islam? When and where did it arise? What is it based on?
5. What is Sufism?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. What problems does a historian face while studying medieval literary sources?
2. Give one example to show how the usages of terms and expressions changed over time?
3. Briefly discuss the religious developments that took place in India during the medieval period.
Ch 1: The Earth's Structure and Landforms
Topics: Environment, Changes in the Environment, Sphere of the earth, Structure of the earth, Rocks, Igneous Rocks, Sedimentary Rocks, Metamorphic Rocks, Development of Landforms, Tectonic Processes, Earthquakes.
Biosphere- the sphere of life |
1. Environment and its changes.
2. Changes in the Environment
3. Spheres of the earth
4. Structure of the earth (layers).
5. Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic).
6. Development of Landforms (volcanoes, tectonic processes: Earthquakes)
Layers of the earth |
Oral explanation online with some written work.
1. Environment and its changes.
2. Changes in the Environment
3. Spheres of the earth
4. Structure of the earth (layers).
5. Rocks (Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic).
6. Development of Landforms (volcanoes, tectonic processes: Earthquakes)
A Volcanic Cone |
Exercise: B: Answer the following questions in not more than 20 words
1. Define environment.
2. What are rocks made of? Name the three main types of rocks.
3. Define magma and lava.
4. What are fossils?
5. What are tectonic processes?
Exercise: C: Answer the following questions in not more than 40 words.
1. How does the upper mantle differ from the lower mantle?
2. What is a volcanic cone?
3. What are plates? What causes them to move?
4. What are the effects of earthquakes on landforms?
5. Which region suffered the maximum damage due to the earthquake that hit Gujrat in 2001? Why?
Exercise: D: Answer the following questions in not more than 100 words.
1. Briefly describe the earth’s crust.
2. What are igneous rocks? How are they formed?
3. What are sedimentary rocks? Explain how they formed?